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Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus-caused acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in China, identify the factors influencing the scale of outbreaks, and provide scientific evidences for early control of norovirus infection outbreaks. Methods: The descriptive epidemiological analysis approach was applied to analyze the incidence of national norovirus infection outbreaks by using the data from the Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System in China from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2021. The unconditional logistic regression model was applied to analyze the risk factors that affected the outbreaks' scale. Results: A total of 1 725 norovirus infection outbreaks were recorded in China from 2007 to 2021, with an upward trend in the number of the reported outbreaks. The southern provinces had their annual outbreak peaks from October to March; the northern provinces had two outbreak peaks from October to December and from March to June annually. The outbreaks occurred mainly in southeastern coastal provinces with a trend of gradual spread to central, northeastern and western provinces. The outbreaks mainly occurred in schools and childcare setting (1 539 cases, 89.22%), followed by enterprises and institutions (67 cases, 3.88%) and community households (55 cases, 3.19%). Human to human transmission was the main infection route (73.16%), and norovirus GⅡ genotype was the predominate pathogen causing the outbreaks (899 cases, 81.58%). The time interval between the onset of the primary case and the outbreak reporting M (Q1, Q3) was 3 (2, 6) days and the case number of the outbreak M (Q1, Q3) was 38 (28, 62). The timeliness of outbreak reporting was improved in recent years and the scale of the outbreaks showed a decreasing trend over the years, the differences in reporting timeliness and outbreak scale among different settings were significant (P<0.001). The factors that affected outbreaks' scale included the outbreak setting, transmission route, outbreak reporting timeliness and type of living areas (P<0.05). Conclusions: From 2007 to 2021, the number of the norovirus-caused acute gastroenteritis outbreaks increased in China and the more areas were affected. However, the outbreak scale showed a decreasing trend and the outbreak reporting timeliness was improved. It is important to further improve the surveillance sensitivity and reporting timeliness for the effective control of the outbreak scale.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Norovirus , Disease Outbreaks , China , Child Care , GastroenteritisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To clarify the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of human norovirus outbreaks in China, identify high-risk areas, and provide guidance for epidemic prevention and control.@*METHODS@#This study analyzed 964 human norovirus outbreaks involving 50,548 cases in 26 provinces reported from 2012 to 2018. Epidemiological analysis and spatiotemporal scanning analysis were conducted to analyze the distribution of norovirus outbreaks in China.@*RESULTS@#The outbreaks showed typical seasonality, with more outbreaks in winter and fewer in summer, and the total number of infected cases increased over time. Schools, especially middle schools and primary schools, are the most common settings of norovirus outbreaks, with the major transmission route being life contact. More outbreaks occurred in southeast coastal areas in China and showed significant spatial aggregation. The highly clustered areas of norovirus outbreaks have expanded northeast over time.@*CONCLUSION@#By identifying the epidemiological characteristics and high-risk areas of norovirus outbreaks, this study provides important scientific support for the development of preventive and control measures for norovirus outbreaks, which is conducive to the administrative management of high-risk settings and reduction of disease burden in susceptible areas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Norovirus , Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , China/epidemiology , GenotypeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate whether the efficacy of Getong Tongluo Capsule (, GTC, consisted of total flavone of Radix Puerariae) on improving patients' quality of life and lowering blood pressure are superior to the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) for patients with convalescent-phase ischemic stroke and primary hypertension.@*METHODS@#This randomized, positive-drug- and placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted from September 2015 to October 2017. Totally 477 eligible patients from 18 hospitals in China were randomly assigned in a 2:1:1 ratio to the following interventions, twice a day for 12 weeks: (1) GTC 250 mg plus EGB-matching placebo 40 mg (237 cases, GTC group), (2) EGB 40 mg plus GTC-matching placebo 250 mg (120 cases, EGB group) or (3) GTC-matching placebo 250 mg plus EGB-matching placebo 40 mg (120 cases, placebo group). Moreover, all patients were orally administered aspirin enteric-coated tablets 100 mg, once a day for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the Barthel Index (BI). The secondary outcomes included the control rate of blood pressure and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. The incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) were calculated and assessed.@*RESULTS@#The BI relative independence rates, the clinical recovery rates of NIHSS, and the total effective rates of NIHSS in the GTC and EGB groups were significantly higher than the placebo group at 12 weeks after treatment (P0.05). The control rate of blood pressure in the GTC group was significantly higher than the EGB and placebo groups at 12, 18 and 24 weeks after treatment (P0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#GTC exhibited significant efficacy in improving patients' quality of life as well as neurological function and controlling hypertension. (Registration No. ChiCTR1800016667).
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To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus in children under 5 years old in China (excluding China Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan data, the same below) from 2005 to 2018. Data on other infectious diarrhea in the country from 2005 to 2018 were downloaded from the National Notifiable Disease Report System was to build a database for report cases of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 years of age, and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the data. In 2005-2018, a total of 820 588 cases of rotavirus infection in children under 5 years old were reported nationwide, with male 500 944 cases, and with an average annual incidence of 63.7/100 000. The reported incidence showed a fluctuating upward trend increased from 8.4/100 000 to 178.1/100 000. The number of reporting provinces increased from 17 to 30. The reported incidence showed a peak of season from November to following February. The reported cases of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 months of age was 13.1%(107 845 cases), and the high-incidence age ranged from 6 months to 2 years old, accounting for 70.3% (576 874 cases), with a peak of 11-13 months (163 947 cases). The top three provinces (cities) reporting the incidence rate were Zhejiang (535.2/100 000), Guangdong (334.3/100 000) and Beijing (317.3/100 000), the provinces with the low reported case rates were Shanxi (0.9/100 000), Heilongjiang (1.6/100 000) and Liaoning (2.5/100 000), but there was no case reported in Tibet; The report cases of south region (745 526 cases) were 9.9 times north region (74 935 cases).The cases of rotavirus infection and other diarrhea pathogens were detected simultaneously accounted for 1.8% (15 030 cases) and mainly were positive for rotavirus and adenovirus (90.1%, 13 544 cases). The rate of rotavirus infection in children has increased rapidly since the age of 6 months, and 84.4% of the reported cases were infants before the age of 2 years.
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Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus in children under 5 years old in China (excluding China Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan data, the same below) from 2005 to 2018.@*Method@#Data on other infectious diarrhea in the country from 2005 to 2018 were downloaded from the National Notifiable Disease Report System was to build a database for report cases of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 years of age, and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the data.@*Result@#In 2005-2018, a total of 820 588 cases of rotavirus infection in children under 5 years old were reported nationwide, with male 500 944 cases, and with an average annual incidence of 63.7/100 000. The reported incidence showed a fluctuating upward trend increased from 8.4/100 000 to 178.1/100 000. The number of reporting provinces increased from 17 to 30. The reported incidence showed a peak of season from November to following February. The reported cases of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 months of age was 13.1%(107 845 cases), and the high-incidence age ranged from 6 months to 2 years old, accounting for 70.3% (576 874 cases), with a peak of 11-13 months (163 947 cases). The top three provinces (cities) reporting the incidence rate were Zhejiang (535.2/100 000), Guangdong (334.3/100 000) and Beijing (317.3/100 000), the provinces with the low reported case rates were Shanxi (0.9/100 000), Heilongjiang (1.6/100 000) and Liaoning (2.5/100 000), but there was no case reported in Tibet; The report cases of south region (745 526 cases) were 9.9 times north region (74 935 cases).The cases of rotavirus infection and other diarrhea pathogens were detected simultaneously accounted for 1.8% (15 030 cases) and mainly were positive for rotavirus and adenovirus (90.1%, 13 544 cases).@*Conclusion@#The rate of rotavirus infection in children has increased rapidly since the age of 6 months, and 84.4% of the reported cases were infants before the age of 2 years.
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Yersiniosis is one of the "other infectious diarrhea" of the notifiable infectious diseases and also an important food-borne disease. However, it lacked the basis or standard for diagnosis. The Chinese Preventive Medicine Association coordinated experienced researchers from National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC and other institutes to produce the group standard entitled "Diagnosis of Yersiniosis" (T/CPMA 005-2019). Based on the principle of "legality, scientificity, advancement, and feasibility" , the standard gives a clear definition for Yerisiniosis, stipulates diagnosis basis, principles and main differential diagnosis and provides two informative appendixes for epidemiological and clinical characteristics and a normative appendix for laboratory detection. The standard provides accurate basis and methods of Yersiniosis diagnosis for hospitals and CDCs at all levels in China. It will solve the problems that Yersiniosis cannot be clearly diagnosed for clinical cases and in the outbreaks.
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Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.
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Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution of diarrheagenic Escherichia (E.) coli in population in Shanghai and discuss the practice model of cooperation in enteric infectious disease prevention and control between public health institution and hospital.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sentinel hospitals were assigned, standard detection and identification of diarrheagenic E. coli were conducted, incidence curve of diarrheagenic E. coli infection was drawn and epidemiologic survey and laboratory detection were conducted for suspect diarrheagenic E. coli infection outbreaks.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 7 204 stool specimens were collected from diarrhea patients in 4 hospitals during 2012-2013, in which 712 (9.9% ) were diarrheagenic E. coli positive, including 351 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains, 292 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains, 32 enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC) strains and 6 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC/EHEC) strains, as well as 31 mixed strains. EPEC infection mainly occurred in children aged 1-5 years; and all of these infections were caused by aEPEC. The incidence peak of ETEC infection was during August, the positive rate was >20%. The ETEC infection mainly occurred in infants aged 1-28 days in 2012 and in people aged 20-60 years in 2013 (P<0.05). ST was the major type (59.6%), followed by LT (27.8%) and ST/LT (12.6%). EIEC infection increased in children obviously in 2013 (P<0.01). No EHEC O157:H7 case was detected, but two EHEC O26:H11 (eae-hlyA-stx1a) cases in children were reported for the first time in Shanghai. The survey result indicated that the multidrug-resistant ETEC (STh-CS21-CFA/I-ClyA-EatA-ST2332-SHNL0005) strain causing outbreak in 15 newborns in Shanghai in 2012 was in the same clone as the strain detected in Zigong in Sichuan province.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Significant change has occurred in diarrheagenic E. coli distribution in Shanghai in recent years, ETEC has potential risk to cause outbreak of hospital acquired infection in neonates and food borne infection. The active surveillance on ETEC and other enteric pathogens by both public health institutions and hospitals need to be improved.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Diarrhea , Microbiology , Disease Outbreaks , Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli , Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli Infections , Epidemiology , Incidence , Sentinel SurveillanceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiology characteristics of norovirus among diarrheal outpatients in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diarrhea cases were monitored at emergency/outpatient departments at 173 hospitals in 27 provinces of China, with clinical and epidemiological data, and fecal specimens collected and sent to 58 network-laboratories to detect norovirus by RT-PCR method, and to analyze the positive rate of norovirus in various regions, population and time during 2009-2013.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>11.6% of the 34 031 diarrheal cases under surveillance were found with norovirus. Age group of 6-23 month-old children and that of people over 45 years old were found with the highest positive percentage, 13.7% and 12.4% respectively. Positive percentage of norovirus peaks in autumn and winter in a year; it peaks in mid-temperate zones (10.7%) and warm-temperate zones (11.6%) in winter. It peaks in sub-tropical zones in autumn (14.3%). The most prevalent genogroups detected were norovirus G II, accounting for 89.9% of identified strains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Norovirus affects all ages and was most prevalent in children and the elderly among diarrhea outpatients. Norovirus' positive percentage showed strong seasonal pattern, and peaks at different times of a year in different climate zones of China. Since no effective preventive measures existed, further study on norovirus epidemiology and intervention strategies should be conducted in future.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Middle Aged , Caliciviridae Infections , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Diarrhea , Epidemiology , Virology , Genotype , Hospitals , Laboratories , Norovirus , Outpatients , Prevalence , SeasonsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Pomona (S. Pomona).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Antimicrobial susceptible testing (AST) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) methods were used to analyze on S. Pomona strains that were isolated from diarrhea cases through the diarrhea network monitoring program, environment and food samples in Shanghai as well as from reptiles in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>4 553 clinic Salmonella (S.) strains were isolated from the Shanghai network laboratories from 2005 to 2012. The top 10 serotypes would include 20 serotypes all belonged to A-F groups, while S. Pomona was next to S. Wandsworth, according to the non- A-F groups. Young children seemed to be susceptible to S. Pomona, and might cause bloody stools and super-infection. The top 10 serotypes from 1 805 foodborne Salmonella strains were significantly more extensive than those from the human S. Pomona strains, followed by those rare serotypes which were mostly isolated from turtle, sea-shellfish and reptiles. Antibiotic resistance of S. Pomona strains from other sources were significantly more severe than those from human samples, and belonged to A and B clones by means of PFGE. Clone A strains were non-epidemic strains which showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) to antimicrobials. Clone B was the main epidemic-causing strain that not resistant to drugs, which consisting B- I from young-age-groups and B-II were from the seniors. B-I strains were homologous to those from shellfish, tortoises and lizards, while B-II strains only showing homology to those from shellfish. One S. Pomona strain-MDR, isolated from human was homologous to 8 antimicrobials.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>S. Pomona was a quite common serotype among those rare serotypes, which showed higher pathogenicity to infants while genetic evolution might take place when comparing them with the strains isolated from the clinics in 2005. Surveillance programs should be intensified along with the early warnings systems on infections which were from seafood and reptiles.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , China , Epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Molecular Epidemiology , Salmonella Infections , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Salmonella enterica , Classification , SerogroupABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluated the fundamental role of stage control technology (SCT) on the detectability for Salmonella networking laboratories.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Appropriate Salmonella detection methods after key point control being evaluated, were establishment and optimized. Our training and evaluation networking laboratories participated in the World Health Organization-Global Salmonella Surveillance Project (WHO-GSS) and China-U.S. Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-emerging infectious diseases Project (GFN) in Shanghai. Staff members from the Yunnan Yuxi city Center for Disease Control and Prevention were trained on Salmonella isolation from diarrhea specimens. Data on annual Salmonella positive rates was collected from the provincial-level monitoring sites to be part of the GSS and GFN projects from 2006 to 2012.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The methodology was designed based on the conventional detection procedure of Salmonella which involved the processes as enrichment, isolation, species identification and sero-typing. These methods were simultaneously used to satisfy the sensitivity requirements on non-typhoid Salmonella detection for networking laboratories. Public Health Laboratories in Shanghai had developed from 5 in 2006 to 9 in 2011, and Clinical laboratories from 8 to 22. Number of clinical isolates, including typhoid and non-typhoid Salmonella increased from 196 in 2006 to 1442 in 2011. The positive rate of Salmonella isolated from the clinical diarrhea cases was 2.4% in Yuxi county, in 2012. At present, three other provincial monitoring sites were using the SBG technique as selectivity enrichment broth for Salmonella isolation, with Shanghai having the most stable positive baseline.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method of SCT was proved the premise of the network laboratory construction. Based on this, the improvement of precise phenotypic identification and molecular typing capabilities could reach the level equivalent to the national networking laboratory.</p>
Subject(s)
Bacteriological Techniques , Computer Communication Networks , Laboratories , Salmonella , Technology Assessment, BiomedicalABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish and evaluate a molecular diagnostic method for routine monitoring of four types of diarrheagenic Escherichia (E.) coli (DEC)and to study the distribution of four types of DEC isolated from diarrheal patients in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>DEC-PCR standard operation procedure(SOP)had been developed for DEC detection and isolation, using the Statens Serum Institute (SSI) DEC PCR kits with multiplex PCR technique after verification tests on reference strains. Diarrhea specimens from 3 clinical hospitals in Shanghai were tested from June to September, 2012.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Specificity of the PCR kit was 100% by verification on the 26 DEC reference strains. A total number of 218 DEC isolates, including 181 fermented lactose and 37 unfermented lactose were identified from the 1887 stool specimens of diarrhea patients, with positive rate as 11.6%. The most common pathogen(54.1%, 118/218)was enteropathogenic E. coli(EPEC), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC, 41.3%, 90/218), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC, 4.1%, 9/ 218) and Shigatoxin-producing E. coli(STEC, 0.5%, 1/218)in addition to 18 Shigella isolates. ETEC dominated in diarrhea patients with foreign residency, as well as 1/3 were perinatal stage of neonatal ETEC of all diarrhea cases under the age of 5, while EPEC dominated in the Chinese diarrhea patients especially among young kids under the age of 2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Data was reliable after assessment on this molecular diagnostics and seperation procedures used for the routine monitoring on four types of DEC, while the diagnosis and reference ability of DEC regarding the laboratories net-working on food-borne pathogens need to be built up and improved.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , China , Epidemiology , Diarrhea , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Escherichia coli , Genetics , Escherichia coli Infections , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Pathology, Molecular , Sentinel SurveillanceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To characterize the diarrheal patients with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infections and to set up the first baseline for S. typhimurium pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns in Henan province, thus laying a foundation for comprehensive surveillance of Salmonella in human as well as foods.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>S. typhimurium isolates recovered from outpatients with diarrhea in Henan province from May to October of 2006 were characterized. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of 8 antimicrobial agents and PFGE were carried out to analyze the S. typhimurium isolates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-four (0.9%) S. typhimurium isolates were identified from 2661 stool specimens of diarrheal cases. Eighty-eight percent of isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. The resistance to chloramphenicol (79%) was most common. Fifty-eight percent of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All the 14 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were resistant to more than five antimicrobial agents. Thirty-three percent of S. typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (R-type ACSSuT). Eight antimicrobia-resistant phenotypes were found among the 24 isolates in 16 PFGE patterns.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rate of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium is relatively high in S. typhimurium PFGE patterns of Henan province. Multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium should be considered a public health threat.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Pharmacology , China , Epidemiology , Diarrhea , Microbiology , Outpatients , Salmonella Infections , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Salmonella typhimurium , ClassificationABSTRACT
ation were complicated, with the characteristics as the obvious decreasing number of patients, with no food-borne isolates in 2007.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the serologic type, phage-biotype and toxic factor of Vibrio cholerae isolated from different sea products, analyze the relation between the Vibrio cholerae in sea products and cholera epidemiology, and provide references for forecasting cholera epidemic situation and drawing out a preventing plan.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The biotype of strains isolated was analyzed by using type and phage-biotype serological methods. The toxic gene was detected by PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The constituent ratio of V. cholerae O139, Ogawa and Inaba were, respectively, 48.44%, 20.31% and 31.25% in 64 strains of V. cholerae. The result of phage-biotype showed that the 26 strains of V. cholerae O1 were all non-epidemic strains. The result of toxic gene detecting showed that positive rate of V. cholerae O139 was higher than those of Ogawa and Inaba.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The positive rate of toxic gene in V. cholerae O139 was high and the V. cholerae O139 was mainly in turtle, breed aquatics water and crustacean, so these sea products were the important sectors in cholera prevention and control.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacteriophage Typing , DNA, Bacterial , Genetics , Seafood , Microbiology , Serotyping , Vibrio cholerae , Classification , Genetics , Vibrio cholerae O1 , Vibrio cholerae O139ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the pollution rates of vibrio cholera (V. cholera) in different seafood, aquatic products and their circulatory processes, so as to help making measures for cholera control and prevention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Different seafood, aquatic products and breed water specimen collected from 12 provinces of China were tested from July to September in 2005.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A total of 12 104 samples of seafood and aquatic products were tested and the average pollution rate of vibrio cholera was 0.52%. The positive isolate rate of turtle sample (1.72%) was the highest among all samples. The second higher isolated rate was 1.14% in water specimen of turtle breed pool. The positive rate of bullfrog was 0.50%. The percentage of toxin strains was 47.54% and 79.31% of them were isolated from turtle and water samples of turtle breed pool. The important sector of the pollution of vibrio cholera was in turtle breed pool (2.38%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The average pollution rate of vibrio cholera in seafood and aquatic products in 12 provinces of China was low. It should be very necessary to supervise the sanitation in turtle breed for controlling and preventing the vibrio cholera.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , China , Fishes , Microbiology , Food Contamination , Seafood , Microbiology , Seawater , Turtles , Microbiology , Vibrio choleraeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyse the molecular types of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes, and to construct the standard China L. monocytogenes pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtyping database, using the international standardized L. monocytogenes-PFGE protocol.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>118 L. monocytogenes strains isolated from 8 provinces or municipalities of China were subtyped according to L. monocytogenes-PFGE protocol.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>118 strains of L. monocytogenes were divided into 39 subtypes. In the 39 subtypes, 37 strains (31.36%) were GX6A160004 pattern, showing it was the predominant Lm subtype in China.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Data from molecular typing suggested that the predominant Lm strains were distributed in different regions of China. PulseNet China-Lm database was constructed which was valuable for the molecular subtyping-based surveillance of L. monocytogenes.</p>
Subject(s)
China , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Food Microbiology , Listeria monocytogenes , Classification , Genetics , PhylogenyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The Ministry of Public Health released the National Surveillance project on Shigellosis in August, 2005. This study was to reveal the antimicrobial resistance status of Shigella isolates through the National Shigellosis Surveillance System in 2005 in China, so as to provide evidence for the development of surveillance, prevention and cure of Shigellosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All the lab assistants received training from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The project prescribed the uniform experimentation, quality control method, reagent, etc. Disc diffusion test(K-B) was carried out, following the CLSI methods. Data were analyzed by WHONET 5.4 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) 3 serotypes were identified and S. flexneri was common that accounted for 75.5% of all Shigella isolates followed by 24.4% of S. sonnei, but only 1 strain of S. dysenteriae was separated. (2) The resistant rates to tetracycline and ampicillin in Shigella spp were quite high, as over 90.0%. However, the resistant rate to Cefotaxime was the lowest, only 6.1%. The resistant rates were different between serotypes with the resistant rates of S. flexneri to ampicillin, ampicillin/clavulanate and ciprofloxacin were higher than those of S. sonnei (P < 0.001). (3) The multiple-antibiotic-resistance status in Shigella spp was quite serious and the resistant rate to five and more antimicrobials was 54.9%. The most common resistant patterns were seen on ampicillin, nalidixin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. (4) There were some differences in subtypes and antimicrobial resistance among different provinces.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cefotaxime seemed the best in curing Shigellosis at the clinic level. Programs regarding monitoring subtypes and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella should be in a continuous manner so as to understand the pathogens timely and to control the disease pertinently.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Pharmacology , China , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Dysentery, Bacillary , Drug Therapy , Population Surveillance , Serotyping , ShigellaABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study was to simultaneously identify Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates in China by Multi-PCR assay and to study the prevalence of six virulence and toxin genes on them.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A multi-PCR method with three sets of primers specifically designed for application of a 16S rRNA as a universal control, mapA, ceuE based on the specific sequence of C. jejuni and C. coli, was applied to detect 65 Campylobacter isolates from China. Another two separately PCR Primers were directed towards the hippuricase gene (hipO) characteristic of C.jejuni and glyA gene characteristic of C. coli were performed for further confirmation. The presence of the cadF, virB11, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC genes among these 65 strains were investigated by PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From multi-PCR detection, 42 isolates belonged to C. jejuni, other 23 isolates belong to C. coli. Data showing the identification were 100% in concordance with the separated PCR for hipO and glyA amplification. The efficiency (100%) of identification by these three primers multi-PCR method was higher than the biochemical test (83.1%). The cadF and flaA genes were detected from 100% (65/65) of the isolates and the PCR product of each gene were identical with each isolate. Only 10.8% (7/65) of the isolates were positive for virB11. The cdtA gene was found in 92% (60/65) of the isolates. 97.6% (41/42) of C. jejuni had cdtB gene, whereas no PCR product with this primers for all the C. coli isolates. cdtC was presented in all the isolates but the lengths of PCR products were different. For C. jejuni, it was 555 bp, for C. coli, it was about 465 bp.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This three primers simultaneous multi-PCR method seemed to be useful for the identification of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from China since cadF and flaA genes were widely spread in Campylobacter isolates in this country. The present report on virB11 was similar to previous reports from other countries, but the distribution of cdt gene cluster in Campylobacter species isolated from China might be different.</p>